 58290
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insurance documents
11 ارديبهشت 1389 8:48 |
لطفا تفاوت بين insurance policy,insurance certificate,opencover را در صورت امكان توضيح دهيد
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81347
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| Joined: 1386/6/21 |
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Re: insurance documents
22 شهريور 1389 8:53 |
In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured or policyholder is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage, called the premium. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
The transaction involves the insured assuming a guaranteed and known relatively small loss in the form of payment to the insurer in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate (indemnify) the insured in the case of a large, possibly devastating loss. The insured receives a contract called the insurance policy which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insured will be compensated.
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81347
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| Joined: 1386/6/21 |
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Re: insurance documents
22 شهريور 1389 9:9 |
To "indemnify" means to make whole again, or to be put in the position that one was in, to the extent possible, prior to the happening of a specified event or peril. Accordingly, life insurance is generally not considered to be indemnity insurance, but rather "contingent" insurance (i.e., a claim arises on the occurrence of a specified event). There are generally two types of insurance contracts that seek to indemnify an insured:
an "indemnity" policy and
a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[4] policy.
The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.
An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; for example, a visitor to the home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitor's fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000).[4][5]
Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language.[4]
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.
Underwriting and investing
The business model can be reduced to a simple equation: Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses
Insurers make money in two ways:
Through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks;
By investing the premiums they collect from insured parties.
The most complicated aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are "winners" (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are "losers" (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income); insurance companies essentially use actuarial science to attempt to underwrite enough "winning" policies to pay out on the "losers" while still maintaining profitability.
An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio[8] which is the ratio of losses and expenses to earned premiums. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss. A company with a combined ratio over 100% may nevertheless remain profitable due to investment earnings.
Insurance companies earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest or other income on them until claims are paid out. The Association of British Insurers (gathering 400 insurance companies and 94% of UK insurance services) has almost 20% of the investments in the London Stock Exchange.[9]
In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held.
Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle.[10]
Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the United States, due to unpredictable natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.
Open Policy ( Open Cover)
Marine cargo insurance that provides blanket cover against loss or damage to all goods transported by a specific carrier, or by a specific shipper, during a stated period. Under its terms, the insured is required to periodically provide the insurer with the description, quantity, and value of goods shipped during that period. Also called open cover.
What Does Certificate Of Insurance Mean?
A document issued by an insurance company/broker that is used to verify the existence of insurance coverage under specific conditions granted to listed individuals. More specifically, the document lists the effective date of the policy, the type of insurance coverage purchased, and the types and dollar amount of applicable liability.
Investopedia explains Certificate Of Insurance
A certificate of insurance is often demanded in situations where liability and large losses are a concern. For example, a company wishes to hire a driver from a temp agency. The company will most likely ask the agency to show them a certificate of insurance that proves that certain liabilities will be covered by insurance in the event the driver causes problems, such as incurring damages from driving the company’s vehicles.
INSURANCE POLICY
A contract of insurance, describing the term, coverage, premiums and deductibles. also called policy.
In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the insured, known as the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for payment, known as the premium, the insurer pays for damages to the insured which are caused by covered perils under the policy language. Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts. Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.
The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer.[1]:10 In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract.[1]:11 One insurance textbook states that "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterwards as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of written policy".[2] The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy] Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule, and may not be considered part of the policy. Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy] Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur.
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81347
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| Joined: 1386/6/21 |
| Total Posts: 4 |
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Re: insurance documents
10 آذر 1389 9:18 |
open cover / open policy
Marine cargo insurance that provides blanket cover against
loss or damage to all goods transported by a specific carrier, or by a specific shipper, during a stated period. Under its terms, the insured is required to periodically provide the insurer with the description, quantity, and value of goods shipped during that period. Also called open cover.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/open-policy.html#ixzz16puMKnyk |
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81347
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| Joined: 1386/6/21 |
| Total Posts: 4 |
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Re: insurance documents
10 آذر 1389 9:22 |
open cover / open policy
Marine cargo insurance that provides blanket cover against
loss or damage to all goods transported by a specific carrier, or by a specific shipper, during a stated period. Under its terms, the insured is required to periodically provide the insurer with the description, quantity, and value of goods shipped during that period. Also called open cover.
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INSURANCE POLICY
Formal contract-document issued by an insurance company to an insured. It (1) puts an indemnity cover into effect, (2) serves as a legal evidence of the insurance agreement, (3) sets out the exact terms on which the indemnity cover has been provided, and (4) states associated information such as the specific risks and perils covered, (b) duration of coverage, (c) amount of premium, (d) mode of premium payment, and (e) deductibles, if any.
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certificate of insurance (COI)
Document issued by an insurance company, it certifies that an insurance policy has been bought and shows an abstract of the most important provisions of the insurance contract. But it is not a substitute for the actual policy, and is normally a non-negotiable document-it cannot be assigned to a third party, and is unacceptable under the terms of a letter of credit and in making a claim. In life and health insurance a COI is issued to the members of a group insurance plan, evidencing their participation. In marine insurance (where cargo is insured against a floating insurance policy) COI serves to assure the consignee that insurance is in effect for the goods in transit and a proper policy will follow. Also called insurance certificate.
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80122
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Re: insurance documents
5 ارديبهشت 1390 12:48 |
insurance policy
Definition : A contract of insurance, describing the term, coverage, premiums and deductibles. also called policy.
insurance certificate Definition: Alternative term for certificate of insurance.
certificate of insurance (COI) Definition : Document issued by an insurance company, it certifies that an insurance policy has been bought and shows an abstract of the most important provisions of the insurance contract. But it is not a substitute for the actual policy, and is normally a non-negotiable document-it cannot be assigned to a third party, and is unacceptable under the terms of a letter of credit and in making a claim. In life and health insurance a COI is issued to the members of a group insurance plan, evidencing their participation. In marine insurance (where cargo is insured against a floating insurance policy) COI serves to assure the consignee that insurance is in effect for the goods in transit and a proper policy will follow. Also called insurance certificate.
open cover Definition: Alternative term for open policy.
open policy Definition: Marine cargo insurance that provides blanket cover against loss or damage to all goods transported by a specific carrier, or by a specific shipper, during a stated period. Under its terms, the insured is required to periodically provide the insurer with the description, quantity, and value of goods shipped during that period. Also called open cover.
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